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Endnotes
1 Another approach that may be taken is to use group level mapping. If your text(s)
capture a group situation (e.g., focus group) you could use the group as your level
of analysis and develop a single map at the group level.
2 Adapted from Wrightson (1976).
Appendix A: Coding Rules and
Examples for Structural Relationships2
Linkage Codes
There are seven codes that can be applied to the linkages in a causal map. The codes and
descriptions are provided.
Code Description
+ Positive
- Negative
+ Will not hurt, does not prevent, not harmful
- Will not help, does not promote, no benefit
A May or may not be related to
M Effects in non-zero manner
0 No effect, no relation to
Structural Relationship Examples
1. Cause/Link/Effect
“If there was on-site daycare then it would be easier for me to do my job.”
On-site daycare /+/ Easier for me to do my job.
2. Cause/Link/Complex Effect
“It’s visual so the programming is easier and the logic is easier too.”
It’s visual /+/ programming is easier
It’s visual /+/ logic is easier
3. Complex Cause/Link/Simple Effect
“If as a mother they know they have a place to take their children, they know they
have a place for the kids to go after school, then I think there would be a lot less
missed days.”
If as a mother they know they have a place to take their children /-/ missed days.
If as a mother they know they … for the kids to go after school /-/ missed days.
4. Either/Or Relationship
“Either I’m going to get that promotion or I am going to move to a dot com
company to get the money I deserve.”
Get that promotion /+/ get the money I deserve.
Move to a dot com company /+/ get the money I deserve.
5. Probability
“Hiring a new CIO might help with the lack of promotions for women.”
Hiring a new CIO /+/ lack of promotions for women.
6. Inverted
“I’m just amazed because they are so into their children.”
They are so into their children /+/ I’m just amazed
7. Utility
“The trend toward outsourcing will sure help India.”
Outsourcing /+/ India
8. Complex Cause/Link/Complex Effect
“You have maintainability and robustness because you’re using OO and you have
a good number of classes.”
Using OO /+/ Maintainability
Using OO /+/ Robustness
Have a good number of classes /+/ Maintainability
Have a good number of classes /+/ Robustness