Index
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
A
Academic support, of the individual right
interpretation, 282–284
Access, restricting, 8–9
Accidents, firearms and, 70–71
Accuracy, of research data, 43
ADAM. See Arrestee Drug Abuse
Monitoring
AddHealth. See National Longitudinal
Study on Adolescent Health
Administrative samples, 37–41
Aggravated assault, 64–65
rates of aggravated assault by firearm
involvement, 65
Aggregate crime, estimates of percentage
change in, 145
Aggregation, of individual survey responses,
58–59
Aggregation bias, 166
AGVQ. See Attitudes Toward Guns and
Violence Questionnaire
American Civil Liberties Union, 236
Analytic framework of illegal firearm
acquisition, 82–87
general model, 82–86
intermediate effects of market
interventions, 87
using the framework, 86–87
Analyzing estimates for robustness, 139–150
dummy variable model with common
time pattern, 140–141
estimates of percentage change in
aggregate crime, 145
estimates of percentage change in
disaggregate property crimes, 148
estimates of percentage change in
disaggregate violent crimes, 146–147
extending the baseline specification to
2000, 140–145
sensitivity of the results to controls,
145–150
trend model with common time pattern,
142–143
trend model with varying postlaw
change durations, 150–151
Annie E. Casey Foundation, 13
ARIMA model, 228
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM),
37, 40–41, 44, 48, 87
Ashcroft, John, 278
Assault weapons, banning to reduce
criminal access to firearms, 96–97
Assaults
aggravated, 64–65
sexual, with firearm involvement, 66
Assessment
of individual-level studies, 183
subjective, of self-defense with a firearm,
117
Assessment of ecological studies, 163–170
ecological bias, 170
proxy measures of ownership, 164–170
substitution and confounders, 163–164
318 INDEX
Attitudes Toward Guns and Violence
Questionnaire (AGVQ), 210
Attributable risk, 198–200
Australia, gun buy-backs in, 96
Autopsies. See Psychological autopsy
studies
Ayres and Donohue’s results, 134–135, 136
B
Background checks, conducted by FBI, 52n
Banning assault weapons, to reduce criminal
access to firearms, 96–97
Bartley-Fox gun law (Massachusetts), 226–
229
BATF. See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Firearms
Behavioral interventions, 201–214
firearms prevention programs, 202–209
outcome measures, 203, 208–211
quality of the research, 213–214
study design, 211–213
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
(BRFSS), 164, 195
BJS. See Bureau of Justice Statistics
Black and Nagin’s results, 129, 132–133
Boston Gun Project, 10, 236–240
Brady Centers to Prevent Gun Violence, 213
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act,
93–94
Breyer, Stephen, 287
BRFSS. See Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
(BATF), 4, 51, 56, 74, 240
firearms trace data, 79–80
Firearms Tracing Center, 38
investigation data, 80–82
Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative,
39, 79–80
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), 51, 79, 93,
101
Buy-backs. See Gun buy-backs
C
CAP. See Child access prevention laws
Carrying of guns, mandatory penalties for
unlawful, 226–229
Case-control studies
association of suicide and gun
ownership, 196–200
attributable risk, 198–200
Causality framework, 6
direct, 153
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
3, 13, 21, 51, 195
National Center for Injury Prevention
and Control, 47
Channels, for firearms trafficking, 81
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 292
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad v.
Chicago, 288
Chicago-Kent Law Review, 284
Child access prevention (CAP) laws, 9, 217–
219
Clinton administration, 39
“Cluster” method, 138n
Commerce Clause attack, 297
Committee to Improve Research
Information and Data on Firearms,
1, 13, 139
control variable analysis, 273–274
“Response to Wilson’s Dissent,” 18,
272–275
trend model analysis, 274–275
Comprehensiveness in developing useful
research data, 44–45
context, 45
scope, 44–45
Conceptual framework for firearms and
suicide, 153
Conclusions, 2–3, 14, 234–235, 241. See
also Recommendations
Control variables and specification
committee control variable analysis,
273–274
in statistical analyses of right-to-carry
laws, 128–135
Convenience samples, 37–41
Correlation coefficient, between a proxy
and gun ownership rates, 165
Correlation framework, spurious, 153
Crime, hypothetical rates by year, 301
Criminal access to firearms
handgun acquisition, 78
interventions to reduce, 89–98
Criminal encounters, stages and outcome of
potential, 107
INDEX 319
Criminal justice interventions
enhanced sentences for criminal use of
firearms, 223–230
gun courts, 221–222
problem-oriented policing to prevent
firearm-related crime, 230–241
to reduce firearm-related violence, 9–10,
18, 221–241
Criminal use of firearms, 78
sources of firearm data on, 26–29
Cross-sectional studies, 154–162
of associations between firearms
prevalence and suicide in the U.S.,
156–161
of gun laws and suicide, 184, 186–189
international studies, 161–162
U.S. studies, 155–161
Curse of dimensionality, 305
D
Data, 20–42, 122–123
interpreting, 82
observational, 299
quality of, 16
revised new sets of, 126–127, 139
revised original sets of, 122, 125–126
Data Elements for Emergency Department
Systems (DEEDS), 47
Data for measuring firearms violence and
ownership, 18–52
general objectives for developing useful
research data, 42–48
a patchwork of data sets, 20–42
sources of, 15–16
Data on firearms ownership, use, and
markets, 34–42
administrative and convenience samples,
37–41
proxy measures of ownership, 41–42
surveys, 34–37
Data on violence and crime, 20–34
National Crime Victimization Survey,
21, 30
National Incident-Based Reporting
System, 32–33
National Violent Death Reporting
System, 33–34
selected sources of firearm data, 22–31
Uniform Crime Reports, 31–32
Data recommendations, 3–5
emerging data systems on violent events,
3
methodological approaches, 4–5
ownership data, 4
Data systems, 194–195
David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 13
DEEDS. See Data Elements for Emergency
Department Systems
Defensive gun use (DGU), 6–7, 103–114
comparing sampling design of the NCVS
and NSDS, 104
coverage in, 105–108
recommendations on, 6–7
response problems in firearms use
surveys, 108–114
Demand, for illegal firearm acquisition, 84–
85
Denning, Brannon P., 286
Deterrence and defense recommendations,
6–7
defensive gun use, 6–7
right-to-carry laws, 7
Deterrence approach, applications of
pulling-levers focus, 240–241
DGU. See Defensive gun use
Dimension reduction, 308n
Dimensionality, curse of, 305
Direct causality framework, 153
Disaggregate property crimes, estimates of
percentage change in, 148
Disaggregate violent crimes, estimates of
percentage change in, 146–147
Dissent, 18, 269–271
Committee’s response to Wilson’s, 18,
272–275
Distribution of firearms ownership, 59
District of Columbia
handgun ban to reduce criminal access
to firearms in, 97–98
Personal Protection Act, 279
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program, 40
Due Process Clause, of the Fourteenth
Amendment, 288
DUF. See Drug Use Forecasting program
Duggan’s results, 128–129
Dummy variable model, 123–124, 130–133
with common time pattern, 123, 126–
127, 140–141
with “region-interacted time pattern
model,” 123
Duncan v. Louisiana, 288
320 INDEX
E
Ecological bias, 170
Ecological studies of associations between
firearms prevalence and suicide in the
U.S., 156–161
Ecological studies of gun ownership and the
overall risk of suicide, 154–170
across time, 162–163
assessment of ecological studies, 163–
170
cross-sectional associations, 154–162
Efficacy of self-defense with a firearm, 114–
119
empirical evidence, 115–117
firearms and fatalities, 117–119
probability of injury and loss among
victims by means of self-protection,
115
subjective assessments, 117
Emerson, Timothy Joe, 276
Empirical evidence, of self-defense with a
firearm, 115–117
Empirical research, contribution to judicial
scrutiny, 297–298
Endpoint. See Updated sample endpoint
Enforcement and law, sources of firearm
data on, 28–31
Enhanced sentences for criminal use of
firearms, 223–230
mandatory penalties for unlawful
carrying of guns, 226–229
sentencing enhancements for firearmrelated
crimes, 223–226
Estimates
analyzing for robustness, 139–150
modeling of the fraction of homeless in a
city, 307
nonparametric, 305–306
of relations among crime rates, the
explanatory variables, and adoption
of right-to-carry laws, 304–308
Explanatory variables
choosing, 299–304, 308
and hypothetical crime rates by year,
301
External validity, in firearms use surveys,
111–113
F
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 4, 11,
21
background checks conducted by, 52n
Supplemental Homicide Reports, 32, 64
Federal courts of appeals, and the Second
Amendment, 284
Federal firearms licensees (FFLs), 38–39,
73–74, 81–82, 85, 89–91
scofflaws among, 90
Felons, and firearm possession, 77–78, 294n
FFLs. See Federal firearms licensees
Findings, 2–3, 14, 234–235, 241
Firearm availability and ownership, 56–59.
See also Guns
aggregation of individual survey
responses, 58–59
distribution of firearms ownership across
geographic regions, 59
estimated number and per capita
ownership of firearms in the U.S., 57
production-based estimates, 56–57
survey-based estimates, 57–58
Firearm data
criminal use of firearms, 26–29
firearm-related injury/death, 22–25
firearms and youth, 28–29
firearms industry and retail, 24–27
firearms ownership, 30–31
law and enforcement, 28–31
selected sources of, 22–31
Firearm injury prevention programs, 18,
201–220
behavioral interventions, 201–214
firearms safety technology, 214–220
Firearm involvement
rate of robbery by, 66
rates of aggravated assault by, 65
Firearm possession, felons and, 77–78, 294n
Firearm prevalence, psychological autopsy
studies of, 173–181
Firearm-related crimes, sentencing
enhancements for, 223–226
Firearm-related harm, 59–71
and accidents, 70–71
murder victimization rates by race, 63
and nonfatal injuries, 64–66
nonfatal injuries by intent, 60
overall firearm-related deaths, 60
INDEX 321
Firearm-related injury/death, 60
criminal justice interventions to reduce
violence in, 18, 221–241
and self-defense, 117–119
sources of firearm data on, 22–25
Firearm-related suicides, number and rate
of, 67
Firearm Suppression Program (FSP), for St.
Louis youth, 235–236
Firearms and homicides, 61–64
firearm-related murder victimization
rates by race, 63
international, 55
offenders, 64
victims, 62–63
weaponry in homicide, 61–62
Firearms and nonfatal injuries, 64–66
aggravated assault, 64–65
rape and sexual assaults, 66
robberies, 65–66
Firearms and self-harm, 66–69
nonfatal self-harm, 69
suicide, 66–69
Firearms and suicide, 18, 66–69, 152–200
conceptual framework, 153
cross-sectional studies of gun laws and,
184
difference made by a gun law, 184–192
ecological studies of gun ownership and
the overall risk of suicide, 154–170
individual-level studies of association
between, 171–184
international, 55
interrupted-time-series studies of, 188–
191
interventions to reduce, 8–10
likelihood of, 196–198
measures of association in case-control
studies, 196–200
number and rate of firearm-related, 67
recommendations, 192–196
relationship with household gun
ownership, 167
by selected age groupings, 70
time series studies of gun laws and
suicide, 185–192
Firearms and youth, sources of firearm data
on, 28–29
Firearms commerce, legal and illegal, 73–77
Firearms diverted through trafficking
channels, volume of, 81
Firearms flows, 75
Firearms industry and retail, sources of
firearm data on, 24–27
Firearms Owners Protection Act, 16n, 50
Firearms ownership
distribution of, 59
estimated number and per capita in the
U.S., 57
sources of data on, 30–31
Firearms prevention programs, 202–209
Firearms research, standards and methods
for, 16–18
Firearms safety technology, 214–220
child access prevention laws, 217–219
locking technology, 215–217
Firearms trace data, BATF, 79–80
Firearms Tracing Center, 38
Firearms use surveys, replication and
recommendations in, 113–114
Firearms violence
and ownership, data for measuring, 18–
52
sources of data for research on, 15–16
First Amendment principles, 292, 296
Fourteenth Amendment, Due Process Clause
of, 288
Frameworks. See also Analytic framework
of illegal firearm acquisition;
Conceptual framework for firearms
and suicide; Direct causality
framework; Reverse causality
framework; Spurious correlation
framework; “Third factor”
confounder framework
and illegal firearm acquisition, 86–87
FSP. See Firearm Suppression Program
Fundamental rights, 295n
G
Gallup Poll, 57, 162
General Social Survey (GSS), 3, 34–35, 43–
44, 57, 164
Gillespie v. City of Indianapolis, 284
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 287
GSS. See General Social Survey
Gun buy-backs
in Australia, 96
to reduce criminal access to firearms,
95–96
322 INDEX
Gun buyers, screening to reduce criminal
access to firearms, 93–95
“Gun control,” and the Second
Amendment, 14–15
Gun Control Act of 1968, 37–38
Gun courts, 221–222
Gun dealers, regulation of, to reduce
criminal access to firearms, 89–92
Gun laws. See also individual laws
cross-sectional studies of, 184
the difference made by, 184–192
mandatory penalties for unlawful
carrying of guns, 226–229
quasi-experimental studies of, 192–193
Gun ownership
associations with suicide rates across
time, 162–163
proxy measures of, 41–42, 164–170,
194
Gun purchasers, recent, risk of suicide
among, 181–183
Gun sources
BATF firearms trace data, 79–80
BATF investigation data, 80–82
interpreting the data, 82
for offenders obtaining firearms, 77–82
survey research, 77–79
volume of firearms diverted through
trafficking channels, 81
Guns
limitation of sales, to reduce criminal
access to firearms, 92–93
used to defend against criminals, 18,
102–119
vintage of, 88–89
Guns & Ammo (magazine), 155, 160, 165
H
Handgun acquisition by criminals, 292
sources and methods of, 78
Harris Poll, 57
Harvard Injury Control Research Center
Survey (HICRC), 164
Harvard School of Public Health, Injury
Control Research Center, 3, 33, 50
Hatch, Orrin, 279
Helland and Tabarrok’s results, 137
Hickman v. Block, 278
HICRC. See Harvard Injury Control
Research Center Survey
Homeless people, estimating a model of the
fraction of in a city, 307
Homicide rates by country, 54–56
international comparisons, 54
international firearms homicide and
suicide rates, 55
U.S. rates, 56
Homicides, firearms and, 61–64
Household gun ownership, relationship
with suicides using a firearm, 167
Hunters, 12–13
Hybrid variable model, 132–133
I
ICECI. See International Classification of
External Causes of Injury
Illegal firearm acquisition
demand for, 84–85
interventions aimed at, 18, 72–101
model of, 82–86
supply of, 85–86
Illegal firearms commerce, 73–77
Inaccurate response, in firearms use surveys,
109–110
Incorporation question, 287–288
Indianapolis, Indiana, directed patrol
project in, 232–233
Individual-level studies
assessment of, 183
improving, 195–196
Individual-level studies of association
between firearms and suicide, 171–
184
assessment of, 183
next steps, 183–184
psychological autopsy studies of firearm
prevalence, 173–181
risk of suicide among recent gun
purchasers, 181–183
Individual right interpretation of the Second
Amendment, 280–288
academic support of, 282–284
the federal courts of appeals and, 284
the incorporation question, 287–288
the U.S. Supreme Court and, 284–287
Individual survey responses, aggregating,
58–59
Infants, and firearm possession, 294n
“Infringements” on the Second Amendment
right, 292–294
INDEX 323
Injury Control Research Center, 33, 50
Institute for Social Research, 45
Institute of Medicine, 219
International Classification of Diseases
coding system, 46–47
International Classification of External
Causes of Injury (ICECI), 47
International firearms homicide and suicide
rates, 55
International studies
comparisons in homicide rates, 54
cross-sectional associations, 161–162
Interrupted-time-series studies, of gun laws
and suicide, 98, 188–191, 228
Interventions to reduce criminal access to
firearms, 89–98. See also Behavioral
interventions; Criminal justice
interventions, to reduce firearmrelated
violence; Market-based
interventions
banning assault weapons, 96–97
District of Columbia handgun ban, 97–
98
gun buy-backs, 95–96
in illegal firearm acquisition, 89–98
limiting gun sales, 92–93
regulating gun dealers, 89–92
screening gun buyers, 93–95
Interventions to reduce illegal firearm
acquisition, 18, 72–101
analytic framework, 82–87
offenders obtaining firearms, 73–82
substitution, 88–89
Interventions to reduce violence and suicide,
8–10
criminal justice interventions, 9–10
prevention programs and technology, 9
recommendations on, 8–10
restricting access, 8–9
Investigation data, BATF, 80–82
J
Joyce Foundation, 13
Judicial scrutiny
of challenged gun control regulations,
276–298
contribution of empirical research to,
297–298
restrictions on an individual Second
Amendment right, 288–297
rise of an individual right interpretation
of the Second Amendment, 280–288
Justice Research and Statistics Association,
33n
K
Kansas City Gun Project, 231–232
L
Law and enforcement, sources of firearm
data on, 28–31
Legal and illegal firearms commerce, 73–77
firearms flows, 75
Limitation of gun sales, to reduce criminal
access to firearms, 92–93
Locking technology, 215–217
Lott, John, 120, 269
Lott’s results, 125–127, 269–275
dummy variable model with common
time pattern, 126–127
in statistical analyses of right-to-carry
laws, 125–127
trend model with common time pattern,
128–129
M
Mandatory penalties, for unlawful carrying
of guns, 226–229
Market-based interventions, 8
and illegal firearm acquisition, 87
intermediate effects of, 87
McClure-Volkmer Act, 16n, 50
Mental unsoundness, and firearm
possession, 294n
Methodological approaches, 4–5
description of, 121–125
for firearms research, 16–18
Methods, of handgun acquisition by
criminals, 78
Model of illegal firearm acquisition, 82–86.
See also Trend model analysis
demand, 84–85
supply, 85–86
Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey, 4, 36,
45
Monte Carlo design, 169
Moody’s results, 127
324 INDEX
Moore v. City of East Cleveland, 295n
MTF. See Monitoring the Future
Murder rates, by weapon type, 62
Mustard, David, 120
N
National Center for Injury Prevention and
Control, 47
National Crime Survey, 103
National Crime Victimization Survey
(NCVS), 21, 30, 36, 43–46, 59n, 61,
65–66, 74, 103–106, 109–112, 115–
117
sampling design of, 104
National Electronic Injury Surveillance
System (NEISS), 59n, 60, 69
National Firearms Act of 1934, 286
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse,
36
National Incident-Based Reporting System
(NIBRS), 3, 21, 32–34, 45–46, 48–
50
National Institute of Justice, 13, 51, 101,
215, 227, 240
ADAM survey, 37, 40–41, 44, 48, 87
National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent
Health (AddHealth), 181
National Opinion Research Center
(NORC), 34, 162
National Research Council, 3, 16, 108n,
116n, 234, 239, 269
National Review (magazine), 306
National Rifle Association (NRA), 13, 278,
301
National Self-Defense Survey (NSDS), 35,
103–113, 117
sampling design of, 104
National Study of Private Firearms
Ownership (NSPFO), 111n, 112
National Survey of Private Gun Ownership,
86
National Violent Death Reporting System
(NVDRS), 3, 21, 33–34, 45, 47–50,
195
National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), 45–
46, 59
NCVS. See National Crime Victimization
Survey
Needham Lifestyle Survey, 164
NEISS. See National Electronic Injury
Surveillance System
New York Police Department’s street crime
unit, 233–234
NIBRS. See National Incident-Based
Reporting System
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government
PAC, 297
Nonfatal injuries
firearms and, 64–66
number and rate of overall and firearmrelated,
by intent, 60
Nonfatal self-harm, 69
Nongun suicide, 155
Nonparametric estimation, 305–306
Nonresponse, in firearms use surveys, 110–
111
NORC. See National Opinion Research
Center
Nordyke v. King, 278, 284
NRA. See National Rifle Association
NSDS. See National Self-Defense Survey
NSPFO. See National Study of Private
Firearms Ownership
NVDRS. See National Violent Death
Reporting System
NVSS. See National Vital Statistics System
O
Observational data, 239, 299
Offenders, 64
Offenders obtaining firearms, 73–82
gun sources, 77–82
in illegal firearm acquisition, 73–82
legal and illegal firearms commerce, 73–
77
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention, 202
Office of Science and Technology, 215
Operation Ceasefire, 9–10, 236–241
Outcomes
measures of, 203, 208–211
of potential criminal encounters, 107
Ownership data, 4, 41–42, 164–170, 194
P
Palko v. Connecticut, 288
Patchwork of data sets, 20–42
data on firearms ownership, use, and
markets, 34–42
data on violence and crime, 20–34
INDEX 325
Patterns of firearm-related violence, 18, 53–
71
firearm availability and ownership, 56–
59
firearm-related harm, 59–71
homicide rates by country, 54–56
Penalties, mandatory, for unlawful carrying
of guns, 226–229
Personal Protection Act, in the District of
Columbia, 279
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, police gun
suppression patrols in, 233
Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 296
Plassmann and Tideman’s results, 134
Plassmann and Whitley’s results,
135–136
Police Foundation, 75, 86
Police gun suppression patrols, in
Pittsburgh, 233
Policing gun violence hot spots, 230–235
Indianapolis, Indiana, directed patrol
project, 232–233
Kansas City Gun Project, 231–232
lessons learned, 234–235
New York Police Department’s street
crime unit, 233–234
police gun suppression patrols in
Pittsburgh, 233
Policing violent gun offenders, 235–241
Boston Gun Project and Operation
Ceasefire, 236–239
lessons learned, 241
other applications of the pulling-levers
focused deterrence approach, 240–
241
St. Louis youth Firearm Suppression
Program, 235–236
supply-side programs, 239–240
Policy studies, recommendations for needed,
196
Potential criminal encounters, stages and
outcome of, 107
Presser v. Illinois, 287
Prevalence rates, 37
Prevention laws, preventing child access,
217–219
Prevention programs, and technology, 9
Primary sampling units (PSU), 58
Probability, of injury and loss among
victims by means of self-defense with
a firearm, 115
Problem-oriented policing to prevent
firearm-related crime, 230–241
policing gun violence hot spots, 230–235
policing violent gun offenders, 235–241
Production-based estimates, 56–57
Project Exile, 9–10, 225–226
Project Safe Neighborhoods, 221
Property crimes, disaggregate, 148
Proxy measures of gun ownership, 41–42,
164–170, 194
correlation coefficient between a proxy
and gun ownership rates, 165
Monte Carlo design, 169
and suicides using a firearm to
household gun ownership, 167
PSU. See Primary sampling units
Psychological autopsy studies, of firearm
prevalence, 173–181
“Pulling-levers” focused deterrence
approach, applications of, 237, 240–
241
Q
Quality
of data, 16
of the research, 213–214
Quasi-experimental studies of gun laws and
suicide, 192–193
R
RAND Corporation, 235
Rape, with firearm involvement, 66
“Rare outcome assumption,” 197
“Reasonable” infringements, on the Second
Amendment right, 295–297
Recommendations, 3–5, 192–196
data systems, 194–195
defensive gun use, 6–7
emerging data systems on violent events,
3
on firearms, criminal violence, and
suicide, 5–6
on firearms use surveys, 113–114
further policy studies needed, 196
improved individual-level studies, 195–
196
methodological approaches, 4–5
ownership data, 4
326 INDEX
proxy measures of gun ownership, 194
research, 5–10
right-to-carry laws, 7
“Region-interacted time pattern model,”
dummy variable model with, 123
Regulation of gun dealers, to reduce
criminal access to firearms, 89–92
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, 297
Replication, in firearms use surveys, 113–114
Representativeness, of research data, 42–43
Research data. See also Empirical research;
Studies; Survey research
accuracy, 43
comprehensiveness, 44–45
general objectives for developing useful,
42–48
representativeness, 42–43
standardization in developing useful, 45–
47
timeliness, 48
Research recommendations, 5–10
deterrence and defense, 6–7
firearms, criminal violence, and suicide,
5–6
interventions to reduce violence and
suicide, 8–10
RESET test, 307
Response problems in firearms use surveys,
108–114
external validity, 111–113
inaccurate response, 109–110
nonresponse, 110–111
replication and recommendations, 113–
114
“Response” to Wilson’s “Dissent,” 18,
272–275
committee control variable analysis,
273–274
committee trend model analysis, 274–
275
published studies, 273
Restricted access, 8–9
Restrictions on an individual Second
Amendment right, 288–297
“infringements,” 292–294
“reasonable” infringements, 295–297
scope of, 289–292
Reverse causality framework, 153
Revised new data sets, 126–127, 139
Revised original data sets, 122, 125–126
Richmond, Virginia, Project Exile, 9–10,
225–226
Right-to-carry (RTC) laws, 7, 18, 120–151,
269–271
analyzing estimates for robustness, 139–
150
description of the data and methods,
121–125
statistical analyses of, 125–139
statistical issues in the evaluation of
effects of, 18, 299–308
Risk
attributable, 198–200
of suicide among recent gun purchasers,
181–183
Robberies, 65–66
rate of, by firearm involvement, 66
Robustness, analyzing estimates for, 139–
150
RTC. See Right-to-carry laws
S
Safety technology, 214–220
Samples. See also Updated sample endpoint
administrative and convenience, 37–41
Sampling design, comparing the NCVS and
NSDS, 104
Scalia, Antonin, 286
Scofflaws, among FFLs, 90
Scope
in developing useful research data, 44–
45
of the Second Amendment right, 289–
292
Screening of gun buyers, to reduce criminal
access to firearms, 93–95
Second Amendment right, 276–298
the federal courts of appeals and, 284
“gun control” and, 14–15
individual right interpretation of, 280–
288
“infringements” on, 292–294
U.S. Supreme Court and, 284–287
Self-defense with a firearm, 18, 102–119
defensive gun uses, 103–114
efficacy of, 114–119
Self-harm, firearms and, 66–69
Sentencing enhancements, for firearmrelated
crimes, 223–226
Sexual assaults, with firearm involvement, 66
Shall-issue laws, 120n
SHR. See Supplemental Homicide Reports
INDEX 327
Silveira v. Lockyer, 278
Souter, David, 287
Specification search, 307
Spurious correlation framework, 153
St. Louis youth Firearm Suppression
Program (FSP), 235–236
Stages, of potential criminal encounters, 107
Standard errors, in statistical analyses of
right-to-carry laws, 137–139
Standardization in developing useful
research data, 45–47
Data Elements for Emergency
Department Systems, 47
International Classification of External
Causes of Injury, 47
Standards, for firearms research, 16–18
STAR. See Straight Talk about Risks
Statistical analyses of right-to-carry laws,
125–139
control variables and specification, 128–
135
Lott’s results, 125–127
standard errors in, 137–139
summary of selected studies, 130–133
trend in the logarithm of the violent
crime rate, 135
updated sample endpoint, 135–137
Statistical issues in the evaluation of the
effects of right-to-carry laws, 18,
299–308
choosing the explanatory variables, 299–
304
estimating the relation to crime rates and
the explanatory variables, 304–308
Stevens, John Paul, 287
“Stopping rule,” 172
Straight Talk about Risks (STAR), 213
Studies
design of, 211–213
policy, 196
published, 273
Subjective assessments, of self-defense with
a firearm, 117
Substitution, 8
and confounders, 163–164
in illegal firearm acquisition, 88–89
Suicide rates. See also Firearms and suicide
associations with gun ownership across
time, 162–163
by firearm involvement, 68
quasi-experimental studies of, 192–193
by race, 69
Supplemental Homicide Reports (SHR), 32,
64
Supply, of illegal firearms, 85–86
Supply-side programs, 239–240
Survey research, 34–37, 77–79, 113–114
aggregation of individual responses, 58–
59
coverage of defensive gun use surveys,
105–108
survey-based estimates, 57–58
T
Technology
of firearms safety, 214–220
of locking, 215–217
and prevention programs, 9
“Third factor” confounder framework, 153
Thomas, Clarence, 286
Time series studies of gun laws and suicide,
185–192
cross-sectional studies of gun laws and
suicide, 186–189
interrupted-time-series studies of gun
laws and suicide, 188–191
quasi-experimental studies of gun laws
and suicide, 192–193
Timeliness, of research data, 48
Trafficking channels, volume of firearms
diverted through, 81
Trend model analysis, 92, 132–133
committee, 274–275
with common time pattern, 128–129,
142–143
with varying postlaw change durations,
150–151
Triad model, 124–125
U
UCR. See Uniform Crime Reports
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), 21, 31–32,
44–46, 59n, 61, 65, 136–137
United States v. Cruikshank, 287
United States v. Emerson, 276–279, 284
United States v. Miller, 285–286
University of Michigan, Institute for Social
Research, 45
Unlawful carrying of guns, mandatory
penalties for, 226–229
328 INDEX
Updated sample endpoint, in statistical
analyses of right-to-carry laws, 135–
137
U.S. Census Bureau, 46, 80
U.S. Constitution. See First Amendment
principles; Fourteenth Amendment;
Second Amendment right
U.S. cross-sectional associations, studies of,
155–161
U.S. Department of Justice, 37
U.S. homicide rates, 56
V
Victims, 62–63
Vintage, of guns, 88–89
Violence, interventions to reduce, 8–10
Violent Crime Control and Law
Enforcement Act, 96
Violent crimes, disaggregate, 146–147
Violent events, emerging data systems on, 3
Volume of firearms diverted, through
trafficking channels, 81
W
Weaponry in homicide, 61–62
murder rates by weapon type, 62
Web-based Injury Statistics Query and
Reporting System (WISQARS), 63n
Wilson’s “Dissent,” 18, 269–271
Committee response to, 18, 272–275
WISQARS. See Web-based Injury Statistics
Query and Reporting System
World Health Organization, 47
Y
YCGII. See Youth Crime Gun Interdiction
Initiative
Youth, firearms and, 28–29
Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative
(YCGII), 39, 79–80
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System,
45, 195