References
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
CHAPTER 1
Azrael, D., P.J. Cook, and M. Miller
2004 State and local prevalence of firearms ownership: Measurement, structure and
trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20(1):43-62.
Campbell, D.T., and J.C. Stanley
1966 Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Design for Research. Skokie, IL: Rand
McNally.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2001 Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). National Center for Injury
Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer).
Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars. [Accessed 10/10/02].
Cook, P.J.
1991 The technology of personal violence. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research
14:1-71.
Cook, T.D., and D.T. Campbell
1979 Quasi-Experimentation: Design & Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Co.
Duggan, M.
2001 More guns, more crime. Journal of Political Economy 109(5):1086-1114.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
2001 Crime in the United States, 2000. U.S. Department of Justice. Available: http://
www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm. [Accessed 1/10/03].
Gardner, B.A., editor
1999 Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th edition. Eagan, MN: West Group.
Hardy, M.S.
1997a The myth of millions of annual self-defense gun uses: A case study of survey overestimates
of rare events. Chance 10(3):6-10.
1997b Survey research and self-defense gun use: An explanation of extreme overestimates.
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 87(4):1430-1445.
CHAPTER 2 243
2002 Behavior oriented approaches to reducing youth gun violence. The Future of Children12(
2):101-115.
Kaplan, M.S., and O. Geling
1998 Firearm suicides and homicides in the United States: Regional variations and patterns
of gun ownership. Social Science and Medicine 45:1227-1233.
Kleck, G., and M. Gertz
1995 Armed resistance to crime: The prevalence and nature of self-defense with a gun.
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86(1):150-187.
Kleck, G., and E.B. Patterson
1993 The impact of gun control and gun ownership levels on violence rates. Journal of
Quantitative Criminology 9:249-287.
Miller, M., D. Hemenway, and D. Azrael
2002 Household firearm ownership levels and homicide rates across U.S. regions and
states, 1988-1997. American Journal of Public Health 92:1988-1993.
Monkkonen, E.J.
2001 Murder In New York City. Berkeley: University of California Press.
National Research Council
2001 Informing America’s Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don’t Know Keeps Hurting
Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski,
J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee
on National Statistics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2002 Scientific Research in Education. Committee on Scientific Principles for Education
Research. R.J. Shavelson and L. Towne, eds. Center for Education. Division of
Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press.
National Rifle Association
2002 Competitive Shooting Programs. Available: http://www.nrahq.org/compete/ [Accessed
10/12/02].
Robinson, W.S.
1950 Ecological correlations and behaviors of individuals. American Sociological Review
15:351-357.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce,
U.S. Census Bureau
2002 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Zimring, F., and G. Hawkins
1998 The Citizen’s Guide to Gun Control. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
CHAPTER 2
Annest, J.L., and J.A. Mercy
1998 Use of national data systems for firearm-related injury surveillance. American Journal
of Preventive Medicine 15(3S):17-30.
Azrael, D., P.J. Cook, and M. Miller
2004 State and local prevalence of firearms ownership: Measurement, structure and
trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20(1):43-62.
Biderman, A.D., and J.P. Lynch
1991 Understanding Crime Incidence Statistics: Why the UVR Diverges from the NCS.
New York: Springer-Verlag.
244 REFERENCES
Blackman, P.H.
1999 The limitations of BATF firearms tracing data for policymaking and homicide
research. Proceedings of the Homicide Research Working Group Meetings, 1997
and 1998. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
2003 Armed Citizens and Crime Control (4 page leaflet). Fairfax, VA: National Rifle
Association.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
1997 Crime Gun Trace Analysis Reports: The Illegal Firearms Market in 17 Communities.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
2000a Crime Gun Trace Reports (1999): National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of the Treasury.
2002b Crime Gun Trace Reports (2000): National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of the Treasury.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
1994 Criminal Victimization. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
2001 UCR and NIBRS Participation: Level of Participation by States as of August 2001.
Retrieved from the World Wide Web at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bis/nibrsstatus.
htm. [Accessed 11/30/02].
Caspar, R.
1992 Followup of nonrespondents in 1990. In C.F. Turner, J.T. Lessler, and J.C.
Gfroerer, eds., Survey Measurement of Drug Use: Methodological Studies. DHHS
Publication No. (ADM) 92-1929. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services.
Congressional Research Service
1992 Assault Weapons: Military-Style Semi-Automatic Firearms Facts and Issues. Report
92-434. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Cook, P.J.
1991 The technology of personal violence: A review of the evidence concerning the importance
of gun availability and use in violent crime, self defense, and suicide.
Crime and Justice 14:1-71.
Cook, P.J., and A.A. Braga
2001 Comprehensive firearms tracing: Strategic and investigative uses of new data on
firearms markets. Arizona Law Review 43:277-309.
Decker, S.H., S. Pennell, and A. Caldwell
1997 Illegal firearms: Access and use by arrestees. NIJ Research in Brief (January). National
Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Fagan, J., D. Wilkinson, and G. Davies
2002 Social Contagion of Violence. Unpublished paper presented at the May 2002 meeting
of the Committee to Improve Research and Data on Firearms, National Research
Council, Washington, DC.
Gfroerer, J.T., J.C. Lessler, and T. Parsley
1997 Studies of nonresponse and measurement error in the national household survey on
drug abuse. In L. Harrison and Hughes, eds., The Validity of Self-Reported Drug
Use: Improving the Accuracy of Survey Estimates. NIDA Research Monograph
167: 273-295. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Hall, M.J., and M.F. Owings
2000 Hospitalizations for Injury: United States, 1996. Advance Data from Vital and
Health Statistics; no. 318 (August 9). National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville, MD.
CHAPTER 2 245
Harrison, L., and A. Hughes
1997 The Validity of Self-Reported Drug Use: Improving the Accuracy of Survey Estimates.
National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph 167. Rockville,
MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Institute of Medicine
1999 Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment. Washington,
DC: National Academy Press.
Jarvis, J.
1992 The National Incident-Based Reporting System and its application to homicide
research. Pp. 81-85 in C. Block and R. Block, eds., Questions and Answers on
Lethal and Non-Lethal Violence. Proceedings of the first annual Workshop of the
Homicide Research Working Group. HV 6529. H668a 1992. Washington, DC:
National Crime Prevention Council.
Kleck, G.
1991 Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
1999 BATF gun trace data and the role of organized gun trafficking in supplying guns to
criminals. Saint Louis University Public Law Review 18:23-45.
Loftin, C., and J.A. Mercy
1995 Estimating the incidence, causes, and consequences of interpersonal violence for
children and families. Pp. 192-213 in Integrating Federal Statistics on Children:
Report of a Workshop. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Washington,
DC: National Academy Press.
MacKenzie, D., P. Baunach, and R. Roberg, eds.
1990 Measuring Crime: Large Scale, Long Range Efforts. Albany: State University of
New York Press.
Maltz, M.D.
1999 Bridging Gaps in Police Crime Data. Discussion paper from the BJS Fellows Program.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. BJS Clearinghouse (1 800 732-3277). Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Maltz, M.D., and J. Targonski
2002 A note on the use of county-level UCR data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology
18(2):297-318.
Miller, M., D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway
2001 Household firearm ownership and suicide rates in the United States. Epidemiology
13:517-524.
National Research Council
2001 Informing America’s Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don’t Know Keeps Hurting
Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski,
J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee
on National Statistics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2002 Scientific Research in Education. Committee on Scientific Principles for Education
Research, R.J. Shavelson and L. Towne, eds. Center for Education, Division of
Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press.
2003 Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research. Committee on Law and Justice,
J.V. Pepper and C.V. Petrie, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies
Press.
Pierce, G.L., A.A. Braga, R.R. Hyatt, and S.C.S. Koper
2002 The Characteristics and Dynamics of Illegal Firearms Markets: Implications for a
Supply-Side Enforcement Strategy. Working Paper. Center for Criminal Justice
Policy Research, Northeastern University.
246 REFERENCES
Poggio, E.C., S.D. Kennedy, J.M. Chaiken, and K.E. Carlson
1985 Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program: Final Report of
the UCR Study. Bureau of Justice Statistics NCJ-98348. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Justice.
Riedel, M.
1999. Sources of homicide data: A review and comparison. Pp. 75-95 in M.D. Smith and
M. Zahn, eds., Homicide: A Sourcebook of Social Research. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Robinson, W.S.
1950 Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. American Sociological Review
15:351-357.
Smith, T.W.
1995 Trends in non-response rates. International Journal of Public Opinion Research
7:157-171.
Tourangeau, R., and M.E. McNeeley
2003 Measuring crime and crime victimization: Methodological issues. In J.V. Pepper
and C.V. Petrie, eds., Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research. Committee
on Law and Justice, National Research Council. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press.
Wiersema, B., C. Loftin, and D. McDowell
2000 A comparison of supplementary homicide reports and national vital statistics system
homicide estimates for U.S. counties. Homicide Studies 4:317-340.
Zawitz, M.W., and K.J. Strom
2000 Firearm Injury and Death from Crime, 1993-97. Bureau of Justice Statistics NCJ
182992. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Zimring, F.
1975 Firearms and federal law: The Gun Control Act of 1968. Journal of Legal Studies
4:133-198.
CHAPTER 3
Alpers, P.
2000 Costa Rica: Diagnostico Armas de Fuego. Max Loria for the Arias Foundation for
Peace and Human Progress (translated by Greg Puley).
2001 Harvard Injury Control Research Center and HELP networks. Arias Foundation
for Peace and Human Progress, San Josй, Costa Rica.
Azrael, D., P.J. Cook, and M. Miller
2004 State and local prevalence of firearms ownership: Measurement, structure and
trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20(1):43-62.
Barclay, G., C. Tavares, and A. Siddique
2001 International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics 1999. Research Development
and Statistics Directorate, Home Office U.K.
Baumer, E.P., S.F. Messner, and R. Rosenfeld
2002 Homicide Rates and Support for Capital Punishment: A Multi-Level Analysis. Annual
Meeting of the Homicide Research Working Group, St. Louis, MO, May 30-
June 2.
Bennett, W.J., J.J. DiIulio, and J.P. Walters
1996 Body Count: Moral Poverty and How to Win America’s War Against Crime and
Drugs. New York: Simon & Schuster.
CHAPTER 3 247
Blumstein, A.
1995 Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and
Criminology 86:10-36.
2000 Disaggregating the violence trends. In A. Blumstein and J. Wallman, eds., The
Crime Drop in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Blumstein, A., and D. Cork
1996 Linking gun availability to youth gun violence. Law and Contemporary Problems
59:5-24.
Braga, A.
2003 Serious youth gun offenders and the epidemic of youth violence in Boston. Journal
of Quantitative Criminology 19(1):33-54.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
2002 Firearms Commerce in the United States 2001-2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of the Treasury.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
2002a Homicide Trends in the U.S. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/htm.
[Accessed 1/10/03].
2002b Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2000: Statistical Tables. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Cohen, J., and G. Tita
1999 Diffusion in homicide: Exploring a general method for detecting spatial diffusion
processes. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:379-406.
Cook, P.J.
1998 The epidemic of youth gun violence. In Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1997-
1998 Lecture Series. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
1998 The unprecedented epidemic in youth violence. Pp. 27-64 in M. Tonry and M.H.
Moore, eds., Youth Violence, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume
24. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2002 After the epidemic: Recent trends in youth violence in the United States. In M.
Tonry and M.H. Moore, eds., Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume
29. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cork, D.
1999 Examining space-time interaction in city-level homicide data: Crack markets and
the diffusion of guns among youth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:379-
406.
Corzine, J., L. Huff-Corzine, and G.S. Weaver
2000 Using federal firearms licenses (FFL) data as an indirect measurement of gun availability.
In Proceedings of the Homicide Research Working Group: 1999. Washington,
DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Donohue, J.J., III, and S.D. Levitt
2001 The impact of legalized abortion on crime. Quarterly Journal of Economics
116:379-420.
Duggan, M.
2001 More guns, more crime. Journal of Political Economy 109(4):1086-1114.
Fox, J.A.
1996 Trends in Juvenile Violence: A Report to the United States Attorney General on
Current and Future Rates of Juvenile Offending. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice
Statistics.
2001 Uniform Crime Reports Supplementary Homicide Reports 1976-1999. Produced
by Northeastern University, College of Criminal Justice. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-
University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
248 REFERENCES
Frattaroli, S., D.W. Webster, and S.P. Teret
2002 Unintentional gun injuries, firearm design, and prevention: What we know, what
we need to know, and what can be done. Journal of Urban Health 79:49-59.
Gotsch, K.E., J.L. Annest, J.A. Mercy, and G.W. Ryan
2001 Surveillance for fatal and nonfatal firearm-related injuries—United States, 1993-
1998. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report 50(SS-2).
Grogger, J., and M. Willis
2000 The emergence of crack cocaine and the rise in urban crime. Review of Economics
and Statistics 82:519-529.
Harris Interactive
2002 Harris Poll 2002.http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=234.
[Accessed 3/16/04].
Hemenway, D., and M. Miller
2000 Firearm availability and homicide rates across 26 high-income countries. Journal of
Trauma 49(6):3.
Ikeda, R.M., R. Gorwitz, S.P. James, K.E. Powell, and J.A. Mercy
1997 Fatal Firearm Injuries in the United States, 1962-1994. Atlanta: Centers for Disease
Control.
Kennedy, D.M., A.M. Piehl, and A. Braga
1996 Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction
strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems 59:147-196.
Killias, M.
1993a International correlations between gun ownership and rates of homicide and suicide.
Canadian Medical Association Journal 148(10):1721-1725.
1993b Gun ownership, suicide, and homicide: An international perspective. In A. Alvazi
del Frate, U. Zvekic, and J.J.M. van Dijk, eds., Understanding Crime: Experiences
of Crime and Crime Control. Rome: UNICRI.
Kleck, G.
1997 Carrying Guns for Protection: Results from the National Self-Defense Survey. Unpublished
paper, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University.
Krug, E.G, K.E. Powell, and L.L. Dahlberg
1998 Firearm-related deaths in the United States and 35 other high- and upper-middle
income countries. International Journal of Epidemiology 7:214-221.
Land, K., and P. McCall
2001 The indeterminacy of forecasts of crime rates and juvenile offenses. In Juvenile
Crime, Juvenile Justice. Panel on Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control,
Committee on Law and Justice and Board on Children, Youth, and Families,
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press.
Lester, D.
1990 The availability of firearms and the use of firearms for suicide: A study of 20
countries. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 81:146-147.
Maguire, K., and A.L. Pastore
2002 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. Available: http://www.albany.edu/
sourcebook/. [Accessed 1/10/03].
Miller, M., D. Hemenway, and D. Azrael
2002 Household firearm ownership levels and homicide rates across U.S. regions and
states, 1988-1997. American Journal of Public Health 92:1988-1993.
CHAPTER 4 249
National Center for Health Statistics
2002 Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. Available: http://
www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/default.htm. [Accessed 3/16/04].
National Research Council
1993 Understanding and Preventing Violence. Panel on the Understanding and Control
of Violent Behavior, A.J. Reiss, Jr. and J. Roth, eds. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press.
Rand, M.R., and C.M. Rennison
2002 True crime stories? Accounting for differences in our national crime indicators.
Chance 15(2):47-51.
Rennison, C.M.
2001 Criminal Victimization 2000: Changes 1999-2000 with Trends 1993-2000. BJS
National Crime Victimization Survey NCJ 187007. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Justice.
Rosenfeld, R., T. Bray, and A. Egley
1999 Facilitating homicide: A comparison of gang-motivated, gang-affiliated, and
nongang youth homicides. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:495-516.
Rosenfeld, R., S.F. Messner, and E.P. Baumer
2001 Social capital and homicide. Social Forces 80:283-309.
United Nations
2000 United Nations International Study on Firearms Regulations. Available: http://
www.ifs.unvie.ac.at/~uncjin/firearms/Default.htm. [Accessed 12/12/02].
U.S. Census Bureau
2001a Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2001, Table 2. Available: www.census.gov/
statab/www/. [Accessed 7/2/02].
2001b Time Series of National Population Estimates: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2001. Table
US-2001EST-01.Population Division. Available: http://eire.census.gov/popest/data/
national/populartables/table01.php. [Accessed 11/01/02].
2002 Time Series of Intercensal State Population Estimates: April 1, 1990 to April 1,
2000. Table CO-EST2001-12-00.Population Division. Available: http://eire.census.
gov/popest/data/counties/tables/CO-EST2001-12/CO-EST2001-12-00.php. [Accessed
11/01/02].
Wilson, J.Q.
2002 Crime: Public policies for crime control. In J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, eds.,
Crime, 2nd edition. Oakland, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.
Wintemute, G.
2000 Guns and gun violence. Pp. 45-96 in A. Blumstein and J. Wallman, eds., The Crime
Drop in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Zawitz, M.
2001 Estimated Firearm Crime. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/
guncrimetab.htm. [Accessed 10/01/02].
CHAPTER 4
Blackman, P.A.
1997- The limitations of BATF tracing for policy making and homicide. In Proceedings
1998 of the Homicide Working Group. Washington, DC: National Crime Prevention
Council.
Braga, A.A., and D.M. Kennedy
2000 Gun shows and the illegal diversion of firearms. Georgetown Public Policy Review
6(1):7-24.
250 REFERENCES
Braga, A.A., P.J. Cook, D.M. Kennedy, and M.H. Moore
2002 The illegal supply of firearms. In M. Tonry, ed., Crime and Justice: A Review of
Research. Volume 29. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Britt, C., III, G. Kleck, and D.J. Bordua
1996 A reassessment of the DC gun law: Some cautionary notes on the use of interrupted
time series designs for policy impact assessment. Law & Society Review 30:361-80.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
2000a Commerce in Firearms in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
the Treasury.
2000b Crime Gun Trace Reports (1999): National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of the Treasury.
2000c Following the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
2000d ATF Regulatory Actions: Report to the Secretary on Firearms Initiative. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
1993 Survey of State Prison Inmates, 1991. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
1999 Presale Handgun Checks, the Brady Interim Period, 1994-1999. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Justice.
2002 Background Checks for Firearms Transfers, 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Justice.
Callahan, C.M., F.P. Rivara, and T.D. Koepsell
1994 Money for guns: Evaluation of the Seattle gun buy-back program. Public Health
Reports 109:472-477.
Caulkins, J.
1998 The cost-effectiveness of civil remedies: The case of drug control interventions.
Crime Prevention Studies 9:219-237.
Cook, P.J., and A.A. Braga
2001 Comprehensive firearms tracing: Strategic and investigative uses of new data on
firearms markets. Arizona Law Review 43:277-309.
Cook, P.J., and J. Leitzel
1996 Perversity, futility, jeopardy: An economic analysis of the attack on gun control.
Law and Contemporary Problems 59:91-118.
Cook, P.J., and J. Ludwig
1997 Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive Survey on Private Firearms Ownership
and Use. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
Cook, P.J., S. Molliconi, and T. Cole
1995 Regulating gun markets. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:59-92.
Decker, S.H., S. Pennell, and A. Caldwell
1997 Illegal Firearms: Access and Use by Arrestees. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Fjestad, S.P.
2001 22nd Edition of the Blue Book of Gun Values. Minneapolis, MN: Blue Book
Publications.
Hahn, R.A., O. Bilukha, A. Crosby, M.T. Fullilove, and A. Liberman
2005 Firearms laws and the reduction of violence: A systematic review. Task Force on
Community Preventive Services, E.K. Moscicki, S. Snyder, F. Tuma, and P.A. Briss.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine. January.
CHAPTER 4 251
Jones, E.D., III
1981 The District of Columbia’s Firearm Control Regulations Act of 1975: The toughest
handgun control law in the United States—or is it? Annals of the American Academy
of Political and Social Science 455:138-149.
Kennedy, D.M., A.A. Braga, and A.M. Piehl
1996 Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction
strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems 59:147-196.
Kleck, G.
1999 BATF gun trace data and the role of organized gun trafficking in supplying guns to
criminals. Saint Louis University Public Law Review 18:23-45.
2001 Impossible policy evaluations and impossible conclusions: A comment on Koper
and Roth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17(1):75-80.
Koper, C.S.
2002 Federal legislation and gun markets: How much have recent reforms of the federal
firearms licensing system reduced criminal gun suppliers? Criminology and Public
Policy 1(2):151-178.
Koper, C.S., and P. Reuter
1996 Suppressing illegal gun markets: Lessons learned from drug enforcement. Law and
Contemporary Problems 59:119-146.
Koper, C.S., and J. Roth
2001a The impact of the 1994 federal assault weapon ban on gun violence outcomes: An
assessment of multiple outcomes measures and some lessons for policy evaluation.
Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17(1):33-74.
2001b The impact of the 1994 federal assault weapon ban on gun markets: An assessment
of short-term primary and secondary market effects. Journal of Quantitative Criminology
18(3):239-266.
Loftin, C., D. McDowall, B. Wiersema, and T. Cottey
1991 Effects of restrictive licensing of handguns on homicide and suicide in the District
of Columbia. New England Journal of Medicine 325(23):1615-1620.
Ludwig, J., and P.J. Cook
2000 Homicide and suicide rates associated with the implementation of the Brady Handgun
Violence Prevention Act. Journal of the American Medical Association 284:585-
591.
Moore, M.H.
1973 Achieving discrimination on the effective price of heroin. American Economic Review
63:270-277.
1981 Keeping handguns from criminal offenders. Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science 455:92-109.
National Institute of Justice
1997 Crack, Powder Cocaine and Heroin: Drug Purchase and Use Patterns in Six Cities
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
National Research Council
1986 Criminal Careers and “Career Criminals.” Panel on Research on Criminal Careers,
A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, J.A. Roth, and C.A. Visher, eds. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press.
2001 Informing America’s Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don’t Know Keeps Hurting
Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski,
J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee
on National Statistics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Peters, R.
2000 Gun Control in the United States: A Comparative Survey of State Gun Laws. New
York: Open Society Institute.
252 REFERENCES
Pierce, G.L., L. Briggs, and D. Carlson
1995 The Identification of Patterns in Firearms Trafficking: Implications for a Focused
Enforcement Strategy. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Pierce, G.L., A.A. Braga, C. Koper, J. McDevitt, D. Carlson, J. Roth, and A. Saiz
2001 The Characteristics and Dynamics of Gun Markets: Implications for a Supply-Side
Enforcement Strategy. Final Report to the National Institute of Justice. Boston:
Center for Criminal Justice Policy Research, Northeastern University.
Police Executive Research Forum
1996 Gun buy-backs: Where do we stand and where do we go? In M.R. Plotkin, ed.,
Under Fire: Gun Buy-Backs, Exchanges, and Amnesty Programs. Washington, DC:
Police Executive Research Forum.
Police Foundation
1996 Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive National Survey on Firearms Ownership
and Use. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
Reuter, P., and J. Mouzos
2003 Australia’s gun control: Massive buy-back of low risk guns. In J. Ludwig and P.J.
Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Control. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Rosenfeld, R.
1996 Gun buy-backs: Crime control or community mobilization? In M.R. Plotkin, ed.,
Under Fire: Gun Buy-Backs, Exchanges, and Amnesty Programs. Washington, DC:
Police Executive Research Forum.
Roth, J., and C. Koper
1997 Impacts of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban: 1994-1996. Research in Brief. National
Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Sheley, J.F., and J.D. Wright
1993 Motivations for gun possession and carrying among serious juvenile offenders.
Behavioral Sciences and the Law 11:375-388.
1995 In the Line of Fire: Youth, Guns and Violence in Urban America. New York:
Aldine de Gruyter.
Taylor, B., N. Fitzgerald, D. Hunt, J. Reardon, and H. Brownstein
2001 ADAM Preliminary Findings on Drug Use and Drug Markets: Adult Arrestees.
National Institute of Justice. Available: http://www.adam-nij.net/files/2000_
Preliminary_Findings.pdf.
Veen, J., S. Dunbar, and M. Stedman Ruland
1997 The BJA Firearms Trafficking Program: Demonstrating Effective Strategies to Control
Violent Crime. Bureau of Justice Assistance. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Justice.
Wachtel, J.
1998 Sources of crime guns in Los Angeles, California. Policing: An International Journal
of Police Strategies and Management 21:220-239.
Weil, D.S., and R. Knox
1996 Effects of limiting handgun purchases on interstate transfer of firearms. Journal of
the American Medical Association 275:1759-1761.
Wintemute, G.J.
2000 Relationship between illegal use of handguns and handgun sales volume. Journal of
the American Medical Association 284:566-567.
Wintemute, G.J., C.M. Drake, J.J. Beaumont, M.A. Wright, and C. Parham
1998 Prior misdemeanor convictions as a risk factor for later violent and firearm-related
criminal activity among authorized purchasers of handguns. Journal of the American
Medical Association 280:2083-2087.
CHAPTER 5 253
Wright, J.D., and P. Rossi
1994 Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Their Firearms. Expanded
edition. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Wright, M.A., G.J. Wintemute, and F. Rivara
1999 Effectiveness of denial of handgun purchase to persons believed to be at high risk
for firearm violence. American Journal of Public Health 89:88-90.
Zimring, F.E.
1976 Street crime and new guns: Some implications for firearms control. Journal of
Criminal Justice 4:95-107.
CHAPTER 5
Cook, P.J., and J. Ludwig
1998 Defensive gun uses: New evidence from a national survey. Journal of Quantitative
Criminology 14(2):111-131.
Cook, P.J., J. Ludwig, and D. Hemenway
1997 The gun debate’s new mythical number: How many defensive gun uses per year?
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 16(2):463-469.
Cummings, P., T.D. Koepsell, D.C. Grossman, J. Savarino, and R.S. Thompson
1997 The association between purchase of a handgun and homicide or suicide. American
Journal of Public Health 87(6):974-978.
Duncan. O.D.
2000a Gun use surveys: In numbers we trust? Criminologist 25(1):1-6.
2000b As Compared to What? Offensive and Defensive Gun Use Surveys, 1973-1994.
National Institute of Justice, Working Paper 185056.
Harrison, L.D.
1995 The validity of self-reported data on drug use. Journal of Drug Issues 25(1):91-
111.
Hemenway, D.
1997a The myth of millions of annual self-defense gun uses: A case study of survey overestimates
of rare events. Chance 10(3):6-10.
1997b Survey research and self-defense gun use: An explanation of extreme overestimates.
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 87(4):1430-1445.
Hemenway, D., and D. Azrael
2000 The relative frequency of offensive and defensive gun uses: Results from a national
survey. Violence and Victims 15(5):257-271.
Hemenway, D., D. Azrael, and M. Miller
2000 Gun use in the United States: Results from two national surveys. Injury Prevention
6:263-267.
Kellermann, A.L., and D.T. Reay
1986 Protection or peril? An analysis of firearm-related deaths in the home. New England
Journal of Medicine 314(24):1557-1560.
Kellermann, A.L., F.P. Rivara, N.B. Rushforth, J.G. Branton, D.T. Reay, J.T. Francisco, A.B.
Locci, J. Prodzinski, B.B. Hackman, and G. Somes
1993 Gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home. New England Journal of
Medicine 329(15):1084-1091.
Kleck, G.
1997 Targeting Guns. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
2000 Research Agenda on Guns, Violence and Gun Control. Working Paper.
254 REFERENCES
2001a The frequency of defensive gun use: Evidence and disinformation. Chapter 6 in G.
Kleck and D.B. Kates, eds., Armed: New Perspectives on Gun Control. New York:
Prometheus Books.
2001b The nature and effectiveness of owning, carrying and using guns for self-protection.
Chapter 7 in G. Kleck and D.B. Kates, eds., Armed: New Perspectives on Gun
Control. New York: Prometheus Books.
Kleck, G., and M.A. DeLone
1993 Victim resistance and offender weapon effects in robbery. Journal of Quantitative
Criminology 9(1):55-81.
Kleck, G., and M. Gertz
1995 Armed resistance to crime: The prevalence and nature of self-defense with a gun.
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86(1):150-187.
1998 Carrying guns for protection: Results from the national self-defense survey. Journal
of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:193-224.
Kleck, G., and S. Sayles
1990 Rape and resistance. Social Problems 37:149-162.
Lizotte, A.J.
1986 Determinants of completing rape and assault. Journal of Quantitative Criminology
2:203-217.
Ludwig, J.
1998 Concealed-gun-carrying law and violent crime: Evidence from state panel data.
International Review of Law and Economics 18(2):239-254.
McDowall D., and B. Wiersema
1994 The incidence of defensive firearm use by US crime victims, 1987 through 1990.
American Journal of Public Health 84(12):1982-1984.
McDowall, D., C. Loftin, and B. Wiersema
1998 Estimates of the Frequency of Firearm Self-Defense from the Redesigned National
Crime Victimization Survey. Violence Research Group Discussion Paper 20.
McDowall, D., C. Loftin, and S. Presser
2000 Measuring civilian defensive firearm use: A methodological experiment. Journal of
Quantitative Criminology 16(2):1-19.
National Research Council
1993 Understanding and Preventing Violence. Committee on Law and Justice, A.J. Reiss
and J. Roth, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2001 Informing America’s Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don’t Know Keeps Hurting
Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski,
J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee
on National Statistics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2003 Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research. Committee on Law and Justice,
J.V. Pepper and C.V. Petrie, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies
Press.
Rosenbaum, P.R.
2001 Replicating effects and biases. American Statistician 55(3):223-227.
Rushforth, N.B., C.S. Hirsch, A.B. Ford, and L. Adelson
1974 Accidental firearm fatalities in a metropolitan county (1958-1974). American Journal
of Epidemiology 100(6):499-505.
Smith, T.W.
1997 A call for truce in the DGU War. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
87(4):1462-1469.
Ziegenhagen, E.A., and D. Brosnan
1985 Victim response to robbery and crime control policy. Criminology 23:675-695.
CHAPTER 6 255
CHAPTER 6
Ayres, I., and J.J. Donohue III
2003a Shooting down the “more guns, less crime” hypothesis. Stanford Law Review
55:1193.
2003b The latest misfires in support of the “more guns, less crime” hypothesis. Stanford
Law Review 55:1371-1398.
Bartley, W.A., and M.A. Cohen
1998 The effect of concealed weapons laws: An extreme bound analysis. Economic Inquiry
36(2):258-265.
Black, D.A., and D.S. Nagin
1998 Do right-to-carry laws deter violent crime? Journal of Legal Studies 27:209-219.
Bronars, S., and J.R. Lott, Jr.
1998 Criminal deterrence, geographic spillovers, and the right to carry concealed handguns.
American Economic Review 88:475-479.
Donohue, J.J., III
2002 Divining the Impact of State Laws Permitting Citizens to Carry Concealed Handguns.
Unpublished manuscript, Stanford Law School.
Duggan, M.
2001 More guns, more crime. Journal of Political Economy 109(4):1086-1114.
Helland, E., and A. Tabarrok
2004 Using placebo laws to test “more guns, less crime.” Advances in Economic Analysis
and Policy 4(1):Article 1. http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/advances/vol4/iss1/art.
Lott, J.R., Jr.
1999 More Guns, Less Crime: A response to Ayres and Donohue. Working paper no.
247, Program for Studies in Law, Economics and Public Policy, Yale Law School.
2000 More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun-Control Laws. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Lott, J.R., Jr., and D.B. Mustard
1997 Crime, deterrence, and right-to-carry concealed handguns. Journal of Legal Studies
26(1):1-68.
Lott, J.R., Jr., and J.E. Whitley
2002 A Note on the Use of County-Level UCR Data: A Response. Working paper.
Ludwig, J.
1998 Concealed-gun-carrying law and violent crime: Evidence from state panel data.
International Review of Law and Economics 18(2):239-254.
Maltz, M.D., and J. Targonski
2002 A note on the use of county-level UCR data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology
18(2):297-318.
Moody, C.E.
2001 Testing for the effects of concealed weapons laws: Specification errors and robustness.
Journal of Law and Economics 44(3):799-813.
Moulton, B.R.
1990 An illustration of a pitfall in estimating the effects of aggregate variables on micro
units. Review of Economics and Statistics 72:334-338.
Olson, D.E., and M.D. Maltz
2001 Right-to-carry weapon laws and homicide in large U.S. counties: The effect on
weapon types, victim characteristics and victim offender relationships. Journal of
Law and Economics 44(3):747-770.
Plassmann, F., and T.N Tideman
2001 Does the right to carry concealed handguns deter countable crimes? Only a count
analysis can say. Journal of Law and Economics 44(2:2):771-798.
256 REFERENCES
Plassmann, F., and J.E. Whitley
2003 Comments: Confirming more guns, less crime. Stanford Law Review 55:1313-
1369.
Ramsey, J.B.
1969 Tests for specification errors in classical linear least squares regression analysis.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B 31(2):350-371.
Vernick, J., and L.M. Hepburn
2002 State and federal gun laws: Trends for 1970-1999. In J. Ludwig and P.J. Cook,
eds., Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC:
Brookings Institution Press.
Wooldrige, J.M.
2003 Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. Second ed. Mason, OH:
Thomson Southwestern.
Zimring, F., and G. Hawkins
1997 Concealed handguns: The counterfeit deterrent. The Responsive Community 7:46-
60.
CHAPTER 7
Azrael, D., P.J. Cook, and M. Miller
2004 State and local prevalence of firearms ownership: Measurement, structure and
trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20(1):43-62.
Bailey, J.E., A.L. Kellermann, G.W. Somes, J.G. Banton, F.P. Rivara, and N.P. Rushforth
1997 Risk factors for violent death of women in the home. Archives of Internal Medicine
157:777-782.
Beautrais, A.L, P.R. Joyce, and R.T. Mulder
1996 Access to firearms and the risk of suicide: A case control study. Australian and
New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30:741-748.
Birckmayer, J., and D. Hemenway
2001 Suicide and firearm prevalence: Are youth disproportionately affected? Suicide and
Life Threatening Behavior 31(3):303-310.
Boor, M., and J.H. Bair
1990 Suicide rates, handgun control laws, and sociodemographic variables. Psychological
Reports 66:923-930.
Borowsky, I.W., M. Ireland, and M.D. Resnick
2001 Adolescent suicide attempts: risks and protectors. Pediatrics 107(3):485-493.
Brent, D.A., M. Baugher, J. Bridge, J. Chen, and L. Beery
1999 Age and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38:1497-1505.
Brent, D.A., J.A. Perper, and C.J. Allman
1987 Alcohol, firearms, and suicide among youth: Temporal trends in Allegheny County,
Pennsylvania, 1960 to 1983. Journal of the American Medical Association
257:3369-3372.
Brent, D.A, J.A. Perper, C.J. Allman, G.M. Moritz, M. Wartella, and J.P. Zelenak
1991 The presence and accessibility of firearms in the homes of adolescent suicides: A
case-control study. Journal of the American Medical Association 266:2989-2995.
Brent, D.A., J. A. Perper, C.E. Goldstein, D.J. Kolko, M.J. Allan, C.J. Allman, and J.P.
Zelenak
1988 Risk factors for adolescent suicide: A comparison of adolescent suicide victims with
suicidal inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 45:581-588.
CHAPTER 7 257
Brent, D.A, J.A. Perper, G. Moritz, M. Baugher, J. Schweers, and C. Roth
1993a Firearms and adolescent suicide: A community case-control study. American Journal
of Diseases of Children 147:1066-1071.
1994 Suicide in affectively ill adolescents: A case-control study. Journal of Affective Disorders
31(3):193-202.
Brent, D.A., J.A. Perper, G. Moritz, M. Baugher, and C. Allman
1993b Suicide in adolescents with no apparent psychopathology. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32:494-500.
Bukstein, O.G., D.A. Brent, J.A. Perper, G. Moritz, M. Baugher, J. Schweers, C. Roth, and L.
Balach
1993 Risk factors for completed suicide among adolescents with a lifetime history of
substance abuse: A case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 88:403-408.
Cantor, C.H., and P.J. Slater
1995 The impact of firearm control legislation on suicide in Queensland: Preliminary
findings. Medical Journal of Australia 162:583-585.
Carrington, P.J.
1999 Gender, gun control, suicide and homicide in Canada. Archives of Suicide Research
5:71-75.
Carrington, P.J., and S. Moyer
1994 Gun control and suicide in Ontario. American Journal of Psychiatry 151:606-608.
Clarke, R.V., and P.R. Jones
1989 Suicide and increased availability of handguns in the United States. Social Science
and Medicine 28:805-809.
Conwell, Y., P.R. Duberstein, K. Connor, S. Eberly, C. Cox, and E.D. Caine
2002 Access to firearms and risk for suicide in middle-aged and older adults. American
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 10:407-416.
Cummings P., D.C. Grossman, F.P. Rivara, and T.D. Koepsell
1997a State guns safe storage laws and child mortality due to firearms. Journal of the
American Medical Association (October) 278(13):1084-1086.
Cummings, P., T.D. Koepsell, D.C. Grossman, J. Savarino, and R.S. Thompson
1997b The association between the purchase of a handgun and homicide or suicide. American
Journal of Public Health 87:974-978.
DeZee, M.R.
1983 Gun control legislation: Impact and ideology. Law and Policy Quarterly 5:367-
379.
Duggan, M.
2003 Guns and suicide. Pp 41-67 in J. Ludwig and P. Cook, eds. Evaluating Gun Policy:
Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Geisel, M.S., R. Roll, and R.S. Wettick
1969 The effectiveness of state and local regulations of handguns. Duke University Law
Journal 4:647-476.
Hemenway, D., and M. Miller
2000 Firearm availability and homicide rates across 26 high income countries. Journal of
Trauma 49:985-988.
2002 The association of rates of household handgun ownership, lifetime major depression
and serious suicidal thoughts with rates of suicide across U.S. census regions.
Injury Prevention 8:313-316.
Hemenway, D., B.P. Kennedy, I. Kawachi, and R.D. Putnam
2001 Firearm prevalence and social capital. Annals of Epidemiology 11:484-490.
Hennekens C.H., and J.E. Buring
1987 Epidemiology in Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
258 REFERENCES
Hsieh, D., C.F. Manski, and D. McFadden
1985 Estimation of response probabilities from augmented retrospective observations.
Journal of the American Statistical Association 80:651-662.
Johnson, G.R., E.G. Krug, and L.B. Potter
2000 Suicide among adolescents and young adults: A cross-national comparison of 34
countries. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior 30:74-82.
Kaplan, M.S., and O. Geling
1998 Firearm suicides and homicides in the United States: Regional variations and patterns
of gun ownership. Social Science Medicine 46:1227-1233.
Kellermann, A.L, F.P, Rivara, G. Somes, D.T. Reay, J. Francisco, J.G. Banton, J. Prodzinski,
C. Fligner, and B.B. Hackman
1992 Special article: Suicide in the home in relation to gun ownership. New England
Journal of Medicine 327:467-472.
Kellermann, A.L., et al.
1993 Gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home. New England Journal of
Medicine, 329(15):1084-1091.
Kellermann, A.L., F.P. Rivara, R.K. Lee, J.G. Banton, P. Cummings, B.B. Hackman, and G.
Somes
1996 Injuries due to firearms in three cities. New England Journal of Medicine 335:1438-
1444.
Kellermann, A.L., et al.
1998 Injuries and deaths due to firearms in the home. Journal of Trauma 45 (2):263-
267.
Killias, M.
1993 International correlations between gun ownership and rates of homicide and suicide.
Canadian Medical Association Journal 148:1721-1725.
2001 Guns, violent crime, and suicide in 21 countries. Canadian Journal of Criminology
43:429-439.
Kleck, G.
1997 Targeting Guns. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Kleck, G., and E.B. Patterson
1993 The impact of gun control and gun ownership levels on violence rates. Journal of
Quantitative Criminology 9:249-287.
Krasker, W.S., and J.W. Pratt
1986 Bounding the effects of proxy variables on regression coefficients. Econometrica
54(3):641-656.
Leenaars, A.A., and D. Lester
1999 Suicide notes in alcoholism. Psychological Reports 85:363-364.
Lester, D.
1987a Availability of guns and the likelihood of suicide. Sociology and Social Research
71:287-288.
1987b An availability-acceptability theory of suicide. Activitas Nervosa Superior 29:164-
166.
1988a State laws on suicide and suicide rates. Psychological Reports 62(1):134-139.
1988b Restricting the availability of guns as a strategy for preventing suicide. Biology and
Society 5:127-129.
1988c Gun control, gun ownership, and suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening
Behavior 18:176-180.
1989 Gun ownership and suicide in the United States. Psychological Medicine 19:519-
521.
CHAPTER 7 259
2000 Gun availability and the use of guns for suicide and homicide in Canada. Canadian
Journal of Public Health 91(3):186-187.
Lester, D., and A. Leenaars
1993 Suicide rates in Canada before and after the tightening of firearm control laws.
Psychological Reports 72:787-790.
Lester, D., and M.E. Murrell
1980 The influences of gun control laws on suicidal behavior. American Journal of Psychology
137:121-122.
1982 The preventive effect of strict gun control laws on suicide and homicide. Suicide
and Life-Threatening Behavior 12:131-140.
1986 The influence of gun control laws on personal violence. Journal of Community
Psychology 14:315-318.
Loftin, C., D. McDowall, B. Wiersema, and T.J. Cottey
1991 Effects of restrictive licensing of handguns on homicide and suicide in the District
of Columbia. New England Journal of Medicine 325:1615-1620.
Lott, J.R., Jr., and J.E. Whitley
2000 Safe Storage Gun Laws: Accidental Deaths, Suicides, and Crime. Working paper
#237, Yale Law School, Program for Studies in Law, Economics, and Public Policy.
Ludwig, J., and P.J. Cook
2000 Homicide and suicide rates associated with implementation of the Brady Handgun
Violence Prevention Act. Journal of the American Medical Association 284(5):585-
591.
2001 The benefit of reducing gun violence: Evidence from contingent valuation survey
data. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 22(3):207-226.
Ludwig, J., P.J. Cook, and T. Smith
1998 The gender gap in reporting household gun ownership. American Journal of Public
Health 88:1715-1718.
Maddala, G.S.
1992 Introduction to Econometrics. New York: Macmillan.
Manski, C.F., and S.R. Lerman
1977 The estimation of choice probabilities from choice based samples. Econometrica
45(8):1977-1988.
Markush, R.E., and A.A. Bartolucci
1984 Firearms and suicide in the United States. American Journal of Public Health
74:123-127.
Mathur, V.K., and D.G. Freeman
2002 A theoretical model of adolescent suicide and some evidence from U.S. data. Health
Economics 11(8):695-708.
McKeown, R.E., C.Z. Garrison, S.P. Cuffe, J.L. Waller, K.L. Jackson, and C.L. Addy
1998 Incidence and predictors of suicidal behaviors in a longitudinal sample of young
adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
37(6):612-619.
Medoff, M.H., and J.P. Maggadino
1983 Suicides and firearm control laws. Evaluation Review 7:357-372.
Mietinnen, O.S.
1976 Estimability and estimation in case referent studies. American Journal of Epidemiology
103:226-235.
Miller, M., D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway
2001 Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths. Accident Analysis and Prevention
33:477-484.
260 REFERENCES
2002a Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths, suicide and homicide among
5-14 year olds. Journal of Trauma 52(2):267-274.
2002b Household firearm ownership and suicide rates in the United States. Epidemiology
13:517-524.
2002c Firearm availability and suicide, homicide, and unintentional firearm deaths among
women. Journal of Urban Health 79(1):26-38.
Murray, D.R.
1975 Handguns, gun control laws and firearm violence. Social Problems 23:81-92.
National Center for Health Statistics
2003 National Vital Statistics Reports 52(3).
Nicholson, R., and A. Garner
1980 The Analysis of the Firearms Control Act of 1975. Washington DC: U.S. Conference
of Mayors.
Resnick, M.D., P.S. Bearman, R.W. Blum, K.E. Bauman, K.M. Harris, J. Jones, J. Tabor, T.
Beuhring, R. Sieving, M. Shew, M. Ireland, L.H. Bearinger, and J.R. Udry
1997 Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study
on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association 278(10):823-
832.
Reuter, P., and J. Mouzos
2003 Australia’s gun control: Massive buy-back of low risk guns. In J. Ludwig and P.J.
Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Control. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Rich, C.L., J.G. Young, R.C. Fowler, J. Wagner, and A. Black
1986 San Diego suicide study: Young vs. old subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry
43:577-582.
1990 Guns and suicide: Possible effects of some specific legislation. American Journal of
Psychiatry 147:342-346.
Shah, S., R.E. Hoffman, L. Wake, and W.M. Marine
2000 Adolescent suicide and household access to firearms in Colorado: Results of a casecontrol
study. Journal of Adolescent Health 26:157-163.
Sloan, J.H., F.P. Rivara, D.T. Reay, J.A.J. Ferris, and A.L. Kellermann
1990 Firearm regulations and community suicide rates. A comparison of two metropolitan
areas. New England Journal of Medicine 322:369-373.
Snowdon, J., and L. Harris
1992 Firearm suicides in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 156:79-83.
Sommers, P.M.
1984 Letter to the editor. New England Journal of Medicine 310:47-48.
Thomsen, J.L., and S.B. Albrektsen
1991 An investigation of a pattern of firearm fatalities before and after introduction of
new legislation in Denmark. Medical Science and Law 31:162-166.
Wintemute, G.J., C.A. Parham, J.J. Beaumont, M. Wright, and C. Drake
1999 Mortality among recent purchasers of handguns. New England Journal of Medicine
341:1583-1589.
Wooldridge, J.M.
2000 Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western
College Publishing.
Yang, B., and D. Lester
1991 The effect of gun availability on suicide rates. Atlantic Economics Journal 19:74.
CHAPTER 8 261
CHAPTER 8
Arcus, M.
1995 Family Life Education: What Works? Paper presented at the meeting of the National
Council on Family Relations, November 18, Portland, OR.
Arredono, S., T. Aultman-Bettride, T.P. Johnson, et al.
1999 Preventing Youth Handgun Violence: A National Study for Trends and Patterns
for the State of Colorado. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of
Violence.
Benowitz, N.L., S.M. Hall, R.I. Herning, P. Jacob, R.T. Jones, and A.L. Osman
1983 Smokers of low-yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. New England Journal
of Medicine 309(July 21):139-142.
Boruch, B., H. May, H. Turner, J. Lavenberg, A. Petrosino, D. de Moya, J. Grimshaw, and E.
Foley
2004 Estimating the effects of interventions that are deployed in many places: Placerandomized
trials. American Behavioral Scientist 47(5):608-633.
Brady Campaign to Reduce Gun Violence
2002 Child Access Protection (CAP) Laws. Available at: http://www.bradycampaign.org/
facts/gunlaws/cap.asp. [Accessed 7/25/02].
Cook, P.J., and A. Braga
2001 Comprehensive firearms tracing: Strategic and investigative uses of new data on
firearms markets. Arizona Law Review 43(2):277-309.
Cook, P.J., and J.A. Leitzel
2002 “Smart” guns: A technological fix for regulating the secondary market. Contemporary
Economic Policy 20(1):38-49.
Cummings, P., D.C. Grossman, F.P. Rivara, and T.D. Koepsell
1997 State gun safe storage laws and child mortality due to firearms. Journal of the
American Medical Association 278:1084-1086.
Flay, B.R.
1986 Efficacy and effectiveness trials (and other phases of research) in the development
of health promotion programs. Preventive Medicine 15:451-474.
2002 School-Based Randomized Trials for Evaluation Problem Behavior Prevention Programs.
Prepared for Conference on Progress and Prospects for Place-based Randomized
Trials, Rockefeller Foundation Study and Conference Center, Bellagio,
Italy, November 11-15.
Flay, B.R., and J.A. Best
1982 Overcoming design problems in evaluating health behavior problems. Evaluation
and the Health Professions 5:43-69.
Glasgow, R.E., K.D. McCaul, V.B. Freeborn, and H.K. O’Neill
1981 Immediate and long term health consequences information in the prevention of
adolescent smoking. Behavior Therapist 4:15-16.
Goodstadt, M.
1978 Alcohol and drug education: models and outcomes. Health Education Monographs
6:263-279.
Hardy, M.S.
2002a Behavior-oriented approaches to reducing youth gun violence. Future of Children
12(2):101-115.
2002b Teaching firearm safety to children: Failure of a program. Journal of Developmental
and Behavioral Pediatrics 23(2):71-76.
Hardy, M.S., F.D. Armstrong, B.L. Martin, and K.N. Strawn
1996 A firearm safety program for children: They just can’t say no. Journal of Developmental
and Behavioral Pediatrics 17:216-221.
262 REFERENCES
Health Partners Research Foundation
1999 Calling the Shots: A Hospital Based Violence Prevention Program. Presented at the
Centers for Disease Control Injury Prevention Forum, June 1999.
Howard, P.K.
2000 An overview of a few well-known national children’s gun safety programs and
ENA’s newly developed program. Injury Prevention 27(5):485-488.
2001 An overview of a few well-known national children’s gun safety programs and
ENA’s newly developed program. Journal of Emergency Nursing 27(5):485-488.
Institute of Medicine
2001 Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction.
Committee to Assess the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction, Board on
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. K. Stratton, P. Shetty, R. Wallace, and
S. Bondurant, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2002 Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention
of Adolescent and Adult Suicide, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral
Health. S.K. Goldsmith, T.C. Pellmar, A.M. Kleinman, and W.E. Bunney, eds.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
LeBrun, E., G. Naue, S. Naureckas, and M. Witwer
1999 School-Based Curricula to Prevent Gun Violence: A Review and Call for Evaluation
of Programs. Chicago: Handgun Epidemic Lowering Plan (HELP) Network.
Leonardatos, C., P.H. Blackman, and D.B. Kopel
2001 Smart guns/foolish legislators: Find the right public safety laws, and avoiding the
wrong ones. Connecticut Law Review 34(1):157-219.
Lott, J.R., Jr., and D.B.M. Mustard
1997 Crime, deterrence and right-to-carry concealed handguns. Journal of Legal Studies
26(1):1-68.
Lott, J.R., Jr., and J.E. Whitley
2002 Safe storage gun laws: Accidental deaths, suicide, and crime. Journal of Law and
Economics 44(1):659-689.
Morgan, L.
1989 Lawmakers pass gun bill: Governor promises to sign. St. Petersburg Times June 21,
p. 1A.
Moskowitz, J.M.
1989 Preliminary guidelines for reporting outcome evaluation studies of health promotion
and disease prevention programs. In M.T. Braverman, ed., Evaluating Health
Promotion Programs: New Directions for Program Evaluation. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
National Academy of Engineering
2003 Owner-Authorized Handguns: A Workshop Summary. Steering Committee for
NAE Workshop on User-Authorized Handguns. Lance A. Davis and Greg Pearson,
eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
National Council on Crime and Delinquency
2001 Teens on Target Evaluation. I. Arifuku, author. Oakland, CA: National Council on
Crime and Delinquency.
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine
2002 Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence. Case Studies of School
Violence Committee. Committee on Law and Justice and Board on Children, Youth,
and Families. M.H. Moore, C.V. Petrie, A.A. Braga, and B.L. McLaughlin, eds.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
CHAPTER 8 263
New Jersey Institute of Technology
2001 Personalized Weapons Technology Project Progress Report with Findings and Recommendations,
Vol. I and II. April 15. Newark, NJ: New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Oatis, P.J., N.M. Fenn Buderer, P. Cummings, and R. Fleitz
1999 Pediatrics practice based evaluation of the Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury program.
Injury Prevention 5(1):48-52.
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
1999 Promising Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy
1997 Problematic arguments for banning handguns. Pp. 31-49 in D.B. Kates and G.
Kleck, eds., The Great American Gun Debate: Essays on Firearms and Violence.
San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy.
Peltzman, S.
1975 The effects of automobile safety regulation. Journal of Political Economy 83(2):677-
725.
Shapiro, J.P., R.L. Dorman, W.M. Burkey, C.J. Welker, and J.B. Clough
1997 Development and factor analysis of a measure of youth attitudes toward guns and
violence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 26:311-320.
Shapiro, J.P., R.D. Dorman, C.J. Welker, and J.B. Clough
1998 Youth attitudes toward guns and violence: Relations with sex, age, ethnic group,
and exposure. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 27:98-108.
Teret, S.P., and P.L. Culross
2002 Product-oriented approaches to reducing youth gun violence. Future of Children
12(2):119-132.
Thompson, E.L.
1978 Smoking education programs, 1960-1976. American Journal of Public Health
68:257.
Violence Policy Center
1998 False Hope of Smart Guns. Available at: http://www.vpc.org/fact_sht/smartgun.
htm. [Accessed 7/24/02].
Viscusi, W.K.
1984 The lulling effect: The impact of child resistant packaging on aspirin and analgesic
ingestions. American Economic Review 74(2):324-327.
1992 Fatal Tradeoffs: Public and Private Responsibilities for Risk. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Webster, D.W., and M. Starnes
2000 Reexamining the association between child access prevention gun laws and unintentional
shooting deaths of children. Pediatrics 106(4):1466-1469.
Weisburd, D., and A. Petrosino
forth- Randomized experiments. In Richard Wright, ed., Encyclopedia of Criminology.
coming Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
Weiss, D.R.
1996 Smart Gun Technology Project Final Report. SAND96-1131. May. Prepared by the
Sandia National Laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy. Available:
www.prod.sandia.gov/cgi-bin/techlib/access-control.pl/1996/961131.pdf [Accessed
3/17/04].
Wilson-Brewer, R., S. Cohen, L. O’Donnell, and I. Goodman
1991 Violence Prevention for Young Adolescents: A Survey of the State of the Art. Available
from the ERIC Clearinghouse, ED356442; 800-443-3742.
264 REFERENCES
Wirsbinski, J.W.
2001 Smart Gun Technology Update. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New
Mexico.
Wright, J.D., and P.H. Rossi
1986 Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Their Firearms. New
York: Aldine de Gruyter.
CHAPTER 9
Alschuler, A.W.
1978 Sentencing reform and prosecutorial power: A critique of recent proposals for
“fixed” and “presumptive sentencing.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review
126(3):550-577.
Beha, J.A.
1977 “And nobody can get you out:” The impact of a mandatory prison sentence for the
illegal carrying of a firearm on the use of firearms and on the administration of
criminal justice in Boston. Boston University Law Review 57:96-146, 289-333.
Berk, R., D. Hoffman, J.D. Roma, and H. Wong
1979 Estimation procedures for pooled cross-sectional and time-series data. Evaluation
Quarterly 3(2):385-411.
Blumstein, A.
1995 Youth violence, guns and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and
Criminality 86:10-36.
Boston Police Department
2002 Crime Reduction Strategies: Firearms Crime. Boston: Boston Police Department.
Braga, A.A., D.M. Kennedy, E.J. Waring, and A.M. Piehl
2001a Problem-oriented policing, deterrence, and youth violence: An evaluation of
Boston’s Operation Ceasefire. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
38(3):195-225.
Braga, A.A., D.M. Kennedy, A.M. Piehl, and E.J. Waring
2001b Measuring the impact of Operation Ceasefire. In Reducing Gun Violence: The
Boston Gun Project’s Operation Ceasefire. National Institute of Justice. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Braga, A.A., D.M. Kennedy, and G. Tita
2002 New approaches to the strategic prevention of gang and group-involved violence.
In C.R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America, 3rd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Braga, A.A., D.L. Weisburd, E.J. Waring, L.G. Mazerolle, W. Spelman, and F. Gajewski
1999 Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment.
Criminology 37(3):541-580.
Carlson, K.
1982 Mandatory Sentencing: The Experiences of Two States. National Institute of Justice.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Chaiken, J., and M. Chaiken
1982 Varieties of Criminal Behavior. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Cohen, J., and J. Ludwig
2003 Policing crime guns. Pp. 217-239 in J. Ludwig and P. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun
Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Press.
CHAPTER 9 265
Cook, P.J., and J.H. Laub
1998 The unprecedented epidemic in youth violence. Pp. 27-64 in M. Tonry and M.H.
Moore, eds., Youth Violence. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume
24. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cook, P.J., and D. Nagin
1979 Does the Weapon Matter? An Evaluation of a Weapons-Emphasis Policy in the
Prosecution of Violent Offenders. Washington, DC: INSLAW.
Deutsch, S.J.
1979 Lies, damn lies, and statistics: A rejoinder to the comment by Hay and McCleary.
Evaluation Review Quarterly 3:315-328.
1981 Intervention modeling: Analysis of changes in crime rates. In J.A. Fox, ed., Methods
in Quantitative Criminology. New York: Academic Press.
Deutsch, S.J., and F.B. Alt
1977 The effect of Massachusetts’ gun control law on gun-related crimes in the city of
Boston. Evaluation Quarterly 1:543-568.
Eck, J.E., and W. Spelman
1987 Problem-Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News. National Institute
of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Eck, J.E., and D. Weisburd
1995 Crime places in crime theory. In J. Eck and D. Weisburd, eds., Crime and Place.
Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Goldstein, H.
1990 Problem-Oriented Policing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Greene, J.A.
1999 Zero tolerance: A case study of police practices and policies in New York City.
Crime and Delinquency 45(2):171-181.
Greenwood, P.
2003 Commentary on Raphael and Ludwig. Pp. 280-286 in J. Ludwig and P. Cook, eds.,
Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings
Institution Press.
Hay, R.A., and R. McCleary
1979 Box-Tiao time series models for impact assessment: A comment on the recent work
of Deutsch and Alt. Evaluation Quarterly 3:277-314.
Kennedy, D.M.
1997 Pulling levers: Chronic offenders, high-crime setting and a theory of prevention.
Valparaiso University Law Review 31(2):449-484.
Kennedy, D.M., A.M. Piehl, and A.A. Braga
1996 Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction
strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems 59(1):147-197.
Kennedy, D.M., A.A. Braga, and A.M. Piehl
1997 The (un)known universe: Mapping gangs and gang violence in Boston. In D.
Weisburd and J.T. McEwen, eds., Crime Mapping and Crime Prevention. Monsey,
NY: Criminal Justice Press.
2001 Developing and implementing Operation Ceasefire. In Reducing Gun Violence:
The Boston Gun Project’s Operation Ceasefire. National Institute of Justice. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Kessler, D., and S. Levitt
1999 Using sentence enhancements to distinguish between deterrence and incapacitation.
Journal of Law and Economics 42:343-363.
Kleck, G.
1991 Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
1997 Targeting Guns: Firearms and Their Control. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Levitt, S.
2003 Commentary on Raphael and Ludwig. Pp. 277-279 in J. Ludwig and P. Cook, eds.,
Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings
Institution Press.
Lizotte, A., and M. Zatz
1986 The use and abuse of sentence enhancement for firearms offenses in California.
Law and Contemporary Problems 49(1):199-221.
Loftin, C., and D. McDowall
1981 “One with a gun gets you two:” Mandatory sentencing and firearms violence in
Detroit. Annals of the American Academy of Political and and Social Science
455:150-167.
1984 The deterrent effects of the Florida felony firearm law. Journal of Criminal Law
and Criminology 75(1):250-259.
Loftin, C., M. Heumann, and D. McDowall
1983 Mandatory sentencing and firearms violence. Law and Society Review 17(2):287-
318.
Marvell, T., and C. Moody
1995 The impact of enhanced prison terms for felonies committed with guns. Criminology
33(1):247-281.
McDevitt, J., A.A. Braga, D. Nurge, and M. Buerger
2003 Boston’s Youth Violence Prevention Program: A comprehensive community-wide
approach. In Scott H. Decker, ed., Policing Gangs and Youth Violence. Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
McDowall, D., C. Loftin, and B. Wiersema
1992 A comparative study of the preventive effects of mandatory sentencing laws for gun
crimes. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83:378-394.
McGarrell, E., and S. Chermak
2003 Strategic Approaches to Reducing Firearms Violence: Final Report on the Indianapolis
Violence Reduction Partnership. Final report submitted to the National
Institute of Justice. School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University.
McGarrell, E.F., S. Chermak, A. Weiss, and J. Wilson
2001 Reducing firearms violence through directed police patrol. Criminology and Public
Policy 1:119-148.
McPheters, L., R. Mann, and D. Schlagenhauf
1984 Economic response to a crime deterrence program: Mandatory sentencing for robbery
with a firearm. Economic Inquiry 22(2):550-570.
Meyer, B.D.
1995 Natural and quasi-experiments in economics. Journal of Business and Economic
Statistics 13(2):151-162.
National Research Council
1978 Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on
Crime Rates. Panel on Deterrence and Incapacitation, Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline
Cohen, and Daniel Nagin, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
1993 Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 1. Panel on the Understanding
and Control of Violent Behavior, Albert J. Reiss, Jr. and Jeffrey A. Roth, eds.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
CHAPTER 9 267
2001 Informing America’s Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don’t Know Keeps Hurting
Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski,
J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee
on National Statistics. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
2004 Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence. Committee to Review Research
on Police Policy and Practices, W. Skogan and K. Frydl, eds. Washington,
DC: The National Academies Press.
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
1999 Promising Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Justice.
2002 Juvenile Gun Courts: Promoting Accountability and Providing Treatment. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Piehl, A.M., S.J. Cooper, A.A. Braga, and D.M. Kennedy
1999 Testing for Structural Breaks in the Evaluation of Programs. Working paper #7226.
Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Pierce, G.L., and W.J. Bowers
1981 The Bartley-Fox gun law’s short-term impact on crime in Boston. Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science 455:120-137.
Pierce, G., S. Spaar, and L. Briggs
1988 The Character of Police Work: Strategic and Tactical Implications. Boston: Center
for Applied Social Research, Northeastern University.
Raphael, S., and J. Ludwig
2003 Prison sentence enhancements: The case of Project Exile. Pp. 251-276 in J. Ludwig
and P. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington,
DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Rolph, J., J. Chaiken, and R. Houchens
1981 Methods for Estimating the Crime Rates of Individuals. Santa Monica, CA: RAND
Corporation.
Rosenfeld, R., and S. Decker
1996 Consent to search and seize: Evaluating an innovative youth firearms suppression
program. Law and Contemporary Problems 59(2):197-220.
Rossman, D., P. Froyd, G.L. Pierce, J. McDevitt, and W.J. Bowers
1980 Massachusetts’ mandatory minimum sentence gun law. Criminal Law Bulletin
16(2):150-163.
Sherman, L.W.
1995 The police. In J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, eds., Crime. San Francisco: ICS Press.
2001 Reducing gun violence: What works, what doesn’t, what’s promising. Criminal
Justice 1(1):11-25.
Sherman, L.W., and D. Rogan
1995 Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: “Hot spots” patrol in Kansas City. Justice
Quarterly 12(4):673-694.
Sherman, L.W., P. Gartin, and M. Buerger
1989 Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place.
Criminology 27(1):27-56.
Tita, G., K.J. Riley, G. Ridgeway, C. Grammich, A.F. Abrahamse, and P.W. Greenwood
2003 Reducing Gun Violence: Results from an Intervention in East Los Angeles. Prepared
for the National Institute of Justice. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Weisburd, D.
1997 Reorienting Criminal Justice Research and Policy: From the Causes of Criminality
to the Context of Crime. National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Justice.
Weisburd, D., L. Maher, and L. Sherman
1992 Contrasting crime general and crime specific theory: The case of hot spots of crime.
Advances in Criminological Theory 4(1):45-69.
Wolfgang, M., R. Figlio, and T. Sellin
1972 Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.